Nearly half of the adults in the United States have obesity, and over 11 percent of the U.S. population has diabetes. Researchers and policymakers have been searching for an effective way to promote healthy lifestyles at a population level to address these dual epidemics.
The built environment is the human-made structures that provide people with living, working, and recreational spaces. This environment includes buildings, neighborhoods, parks, bike paths, restaurants, shops, roads, and public transportation. Human health is affected by the physical environments we construct.
“The built environment can influence physical activity levels by promoting active forms of transportation, such as walking and cycling over passive ones, such as car use,” said Gillian L. Booth, M.D., M.Sc., of the University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital of Unity Health Toronto and ICES in Ontario, Canada. “Shifting the transportation choices of local residents may mean that more members of the population can participate in physical activity during their daily routine without structured exercise programs.”
The researchers reviewed several studies on the built environment and their effects on public health and found walkable, activity-friendly cities and neighborhoods were associated with a lower risk of obesity and diabetes. One large population-based study of 32,767 people found the prevalence of obesity among adults living in highly walkable neighborhoods compared to those living in low walkability areas was 43% vs. 53%.
A study of 1.1 million adults with normal blood sugar levels found the incidence of pre-diabetes was 20% higher among people living in less walkable areas after 8 years of follow-up. Another study of 1.6 million adults found a 30% to 50% higher likelihood of developing diabetes among people living in low versus highly walkable areas. In a population-based Canadian study, moving from an unwalkable to a highly walkable neighborhood was associated with a 54% lower likelihood of being diagnosed with high blood pressure.
The paper also noted that air pollution and high concentrations of fast-food restaurants are risk factors for diabetes and can substantially reduce the benefits of living in a walkable neighborhood.
“We need policies that promote healthier eating habits and opportunities to engage in active forms of transportation,” said Booth. “Designing neighborhoods that have safe and effective public transit options, cycling infrastructure and walking paths may reduce traffic-related pollution.”
The co-lead author of this study is Nicholas A. Howell, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Toronto.
The study received funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
