“Our mouth can identify when a sweetener has the potential to deliver calories versus a non-caloric sweetener, which cannot,” said first author Paul Breslin, Ph.D., a Monell investigator and a professor of Nutritional Sciences at Rutgers University.
The paper describes the first-in-human demonstration of a pathway that uses the sugar glucose, a component of table sugar and high fructose corn syrup, to signal the presence of calories, in addition to the well-studied sweet-taste receptor in taste buds.
Glucose comprises about half of the commercial sugar sweeteners used today. Over millennia, humans have derived glucose in their diet from such sugar-rich foods as fruits and honey, and today from added sugars, such as sucrose (table sugar) from sugar beets or sugar cane and high fructose corn syrup.
“Humans love fruit and sugar, as do many other apes, which obtain most of their calories from sugar,” said Breslin.
Spurred by recent data from Monell that showed taste bud cells in mice could identify when a sweetener has calories to burn for energy, the current team examined whether the ability to sense glucose in the human mouth may also involve this additional pathway. The team asked if this calorie detector is functional, and, perhaps most importantly, affects our responses to sugar in our diet.
“Now that we know this calorie-detecting taste system is operating in humans, it could help explain the overall preference for sugared beverages over non-caloric sweetener beverages,” says Breslin.
In a series of three elegant human-taste experiments, the team compared oral glucose sensitivity to the ability to sense the artificial sweetener sucralose and to a special form of glucose that cannot be metabolized. “Overall, there are two sweet-sensing pathways in the mouth: one for sweet taste, and another for detecting potential energy-burning sugars,” said coauthor Linda J. Flammer, PhD, a senior research associate at Monell.
Breslin, an experimental psychologist interested in human oral perception and its genetic basis, has long been perplexed by diet sodas never capturing a major share of the beverage market. He now has the start of an answer: “Diet drinks are not as satisfying as sugared beverages. As a public health initiative, might we get beverages and foods with lower sugar levels to be more rewarding? Now that we know there is this second glucose-sensing system in the mouth, maybe we can tap into it to make healthier beverages that people enjoy drinking.”
After swallowing, calories in sugars are sensed in the gut and blood, but this study establishes that humans can also register sugars as being different from non-caloric sweeteners in the mouth. “It is remarkable that we evolved a mechanism not only to taste oral sugars as sweet, but also to sense that they have a metabolic or caloric signal,” said Breslin. “This means that the mouth is much smarter than we realized and that it will be difficult to trick it by simply providing non-caloric sweeteners.”
Co-authors are Anilet Tharp, Nancy E. Rawson, and Robert F. Margolskee from Monell, and Akiko Izumi, Tadahiro Ohkuri, and Yoshiaki Yokoo from Suntory.
This research was funded in part by a grant from the Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited. The funder consulted on the general conception of the study and provided support in the form of salaries for some authors and a scientist from Suntory helped collect data under the supervision of the Monell Center. The funder did not play a role in the specific study design, data analyses, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The authors declare no competing interests in the work. The participation of the Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
