Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden are homing in on mechanisms that may explain one set of causes for Parkinson’s disease. In mice they have mimicked disturbances of mitochondria thought to be one cause of disease. By genetic means the disturbance of mitochondria — the energy factories of cells — were directed to those nerve cells that produce thetransmitter substance dopamine and that die in Parkinson’s diseases.
"The course of disease in these mice is strikingly similar to human disease", says Dr. Lars Olson.
In the mouse model generated by the research team, a gene called TFAM is automatically deleted from the genome in dopamine nerve cells only. Without TFAM, mitochondria cannot function normally. The so called respiratory chain is compromised and energy production decreases severely in the dopamine cells.
The new mice are born healthy from healthy but genetically modified parents and will develop spontaneous disease. Previous studies in the field have been based on researchers delivering neurotoxic substances to kill the dopamine neurons. In the new mice, however, mice develop disease slowly in adulthood, like humans with Parkinson’s disease, which may facilitate research aimed at finding novel medical treatments and other therapies.
"We see that the dopamine producing nerve cells in the brain stem slowly degenerate", says Dr. Nils-Göran Larsson. "In the microscope we can see that the mitochondria are swollen and that aggregates of a protein, probably alpha-synuclein starts to accumulate in the nerve cell bodies. Inclusions of alpha-synuclein-rich so called Lewy bodies is typical for the human disease."
The causes of Parkinson’s disease have long remained a mystery. Genes and environment are both implicated, but recently there has been an increased focus on the roles of genetic factors. It has been found that mutations in a number of genes can lead directly to disease, while other mutations may be susceptibility factors, so that carriers have an increased risk of becoming ill. A common denominator for some of the implicated genes is their suggested role for the normal functioning of mitochondria.
"Like patients, the mice can be treated with levo-Dopa, a precursor of the lost substance dopamine", says Dr. Nils-Göran Larsson. "The course of the disease as well as the brain changes in this mouse are more similar to Parkinson’s disease than most other models. This supports the notion that genetic risk factors are important."
"Like in patients, the dopamine nerve cells in the new mouse model die in a specific order", says Dr. Lars Olson. "We hope the mouse will help us understand why certain dopamine nerve cells are more sensitive than others, so that we can develop drugs that delay, ore even stop the nerve cell death."
The project, which is a collaboration between Dr. Nils-Göran Larsson’s and Dr. Lars Olson’s teams and in which Dr. Staffan Cullheim’s team has contributed with electron microscopical analysis, is being published this week as an Early edition in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Collaborations regarding the new Parkinson mouse are also ongoing with Dr. Barry Hoffer’s team at NIDA, NIH.
