Chronic, sterile, low grade inflammation develops during the ageing process called inflammaging which contributes to pathogenesis of age related diseases. Evolutionary perspectives suggest a variety of stimuli sustain inflammaging including pathogens, endogenous cell debris, misplaced molecules, nutrients, and gut microbiota. A limited number of receptors whose degeneracy allows recognition of many signals to activate innate immune response sense these stimuli. Metaflammation in this situation is thought to be formed of chronic inflammation driven by nutrient excess or overnutrition; metaflammation is characterized by the same mechanisms underlying inflammaging. Gut microbiota plays roles in inflammaging and metaflammation due to the ability to release inflammatory products, contribute to circadian rhythms and crosstalk with other systems and organs. Chronic diseases are argued not only to be result of ageing and inflammation but also accelerate the ageing process and can be a manifestation of accelerated ageing. The use of new biomarkers is propose such as glycomics, lipidomics, DNA methylation, and metabolomics which are capable of assessing biological vs chronological age in metabolic diseases.
Inflammation is one of seven evolutionarily conserved mechanistic pillars of ageing that is shared by age related diseases including metabolic disease according to geroscience. Inflammaging is a long term result of chronic physiological stimuli of the innate immune system that can become damaging during ageing over time, and is the by product of degeneracy of a few receptors that sense a variety of nonself, self, and quasi-self damaging signals that activate the innate immune system.
Inflammaging and metaflammation share the same molecular mechanisms, and metaflammation can be conceptualized as specific nutrient excess cause situation of chronic inflammation. Gut microbiota have key roles in metaflammation and inflammaging due to the ability to release inflammatory products and contribute to circadian rhythms and cross talking ability. Biomarkers of biological age including glycomics, lipidomics, DNA methylation, and metabolomics can be applied to metabolic diseases successfully.
