You are having a heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction (MI) and your heart muscle is dying. Your very life is at risk. You are joining one of nearly 800,000 persons every year in the USA alone that suffer a MI. (1) In terms of death, heart disease is the leading cause of death for men in the United States, killing 321,000 men in 2013—that’s 1 in every 4 male deaths (2). At younger ages, men face a greater risk of heart disease than women. On average, a first MI, the most common manifestation of this prevalent disease, strikes men at age 65.
Nearly 10% of men have a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) which is a term for clogged heart arteries causing angina chest pressure, a MI, and the need for heart stents and bypass surgery. Tragically, half of the men who die suddenly of coronary heart disease, hundreds of thousands, have no previous warning symptoms and no chance in the traditional medical model to be diagnosed before death. The key message of research statistics is that even if a man has no symptoms, he may still be at risk for CHD and heart death.
After World War II the number of cases of CHD began to rise. Until the early 1950s, CHD was largely regarded as a feature of aging. Certain keen observers like Paul Dudley White, MD of the Harvard Medical School disagreed and felt a large proportion of MI and cases of CHD could be predicted by “risk factors” developed from research studies like the Framingham Study initiated in the late 1950s (3). These studies identified that high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, and smoking were the key risk factors for CHD. About half of Americans (49%) have at least one of these three risk factors (4). Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put a man at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, a diet high in processed foods, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use (5). This science-led Dr. White to conclude from the 1950’s onward that “Death from a heart attack before the age of 80 is not God’s will, it is man’s will.” (6). The matter of heart attack prevention is pressing because over 1,000 people a day in the US alone experience a heart death judged to be preventable by the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta (7). The onset of a MI, stroke or even a sudden death even though the problem, atherosclerosis, was present and undetected for decades. The following steps are suggested as a comprehensive and effective strategy to identify CHD in men before a HA occurs.
Step 1: Clinical clues to silent CHD
CHD progresses silently for years before a MI or death occurs but there are clues to “sick” blood vessels in other parts of the body that can be an early warning system to CHD.
a) Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Some men have a built-in warning system for silent CHD. When achieving an erection is difficult or impossible, it can be a sign of clogged arteries in the pelvis that presents before a MI hits a few years later. There are, on average, three to five years between the onset of ED and the finding of CHD, which is plenty of time to detect and to work on preventing heart issues (8). Unfortunately, the norm in clinical practice is an Rx for an erectile dysfunction drug without a consideration of the risk of CHD. A full evaluation for silent CHD has been recommended by expert panels (9).
b) Baldness
In a comprehensive study of almost 37,000 men, severe baldness at the crown of the head strongly predicted the presence of silent CHD at any age. (10).
c) Gray hair
A new study presented in Europe at EuroPrevent 2017 found that a high amount of gray hair is a risk factor for silent heart atherosclerosis. A total of 545 adult men without known heart disease had a CT angiogram of their heart arteries, a very accurate way to identify silent problems. Having equal amounts of gray and dark hair, or mainly gray and white hair, correlated with finding silent heart blockages. The researchers hypothesized that atherosclerosis and hair graying occur through similar biological pathways (11).
d) Diagonal ear lobe crease
One of the strangest of markers, a crease in the earlobe (specifically, an angled crease in the ear that runs diagonally from the canal to the lower edge of the earlobe) has been mentioned in medical research reports as a sign of silent CHD. The ear lobe crease may result from poor circulation or a nutritional deficiency in collagen production. Although some medical professionals have argued that a crease is just a general sign of aging, researchers used the most sophisticated CT scan method to measure silent CHD and found that ear lobe crease predicted CHD even after accounting for other risk factors, such as age and smoking. (12).
e) Calf pain on walking
This is known as claudication (from the Latin for “to limp”). Atherosclerosis can block leg arteries, particularly in smokers, before CHD is diagnosed. This symptom requires an evaluation without delay. An examination of the pulses in the legs and simple measurements of leg blood pressure and blood flow can confirm a diagnosis of poor circulation and increased MI risk (13).
Step 2: Determine Arterial Age
The concept of “arterial age” to predict longevity goes back to the 1600’s when a leading English physician, Thomas Sydenham, MD, wrote that “a man is as old as his arteries”. While there are recommendations to search for breast and colorectal cancer, there are no routine screens to identify silent CHD (14). The American Heart Association recently updated its guidelines for the management of cholesterol to consider a simple CT scan of the heart known as a coronary artery calcium score (CACS) as pivotal in deciding on therapy (15). In addition, a large analysis of the predictive power of the CACS and the use of cholesterol-lowering statin medication was published that makes it clear that getting a CACS is the most important step to assess the risk of a heart attack (16).
A CACS was developed as a screening test for silent calcified heart arteries using specialized CT scanners called EBCT but is now performed on the widely available multi-slice scanner at most hospitals and even some larger clinics (17). The test simply requires holding one’s breath and is independent of heart rate or blood pressure. A second type of heart CT scan called a coronary CT angiography or CCTA requires that contrast agents be injected and is not used as a screening tool. The CACS test takes under 30 seconds and is painless. With modern software algorithms and CT scanners, the radiation exposure is about 1 mSv, or on par with a mammogram. The CACS is not a yearly examination and might be repeated every 5-10 years (or never) so the radiation exposure is considered low. It is a screening test for silent CHD so it is not appropriate for persons with a prior MI, stent, coronary bypass, or known atherosclerosis of other parts of the body like a carotid endarterectomy. Additional considerations are the potential incidental findings (pulmonary nodules, enlarged lymph nodes, and thoracic aortic aneurysm).
The CACS requires calcification of heart arteries, sometimes called hard plaque. Soft plaque that is not yet calcified may also threaten the health of men but will not be identified on a CACS. A digital carotid ultrasound called a carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT) can show both hard and soft carotid plaque years before an event (18). A CIMT is a 20-minute ultrasound of the neck that uses advanced software measurements to examine carotid arteries for plaque and also measure the thickness of arteries, another sign of aging. The biggest drawback of the CIMT is finding a quality center that offers it.
Step 3: Measure Advanced Labs
The standard annual wellness examination or even executive physical generally involves the same laboratory evaluation that was obtained 20-30 years ago. The field of lab testing for genetic and acquired heart risk is advancing rapidly and widely available. Here are some tests to consider.
Advanced lipid profile: Rather than a calculated LDL cholesterol level, advanced panels measure LDL particle number and size directly, which are more accurate and predictive of future heart and stroke events (19). Two people with the same total and calculated LDL cholesterol levels can have widely different particle and size measurements, making for very different risks. (20)
hs-CRP: The high sensitivity C-reactive protein is a blood test patented by Harvard Medical School to measure inflammation or the “fire” that results from an irritated immune system. The higher the hs-CRP the greater the risk for atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and even other conditions like cancer and dementia (21).
Lipoprotein (a): This is a genetic form of cholesterol that’s elevated in about 20% of those tested and unaffected by most lifestyle measures or statin medication. It’s rarely drawn even though hundreds of research studies indicate that if it’s high, the risk of heart attack and stroke skyrocket. It runs high in many families that have been decimated by heart disease (22).
Homocysteine: This amino acid is produced by a process called methylation. It can injure arteries when elevated. It may be due to a genetic defect in the MTHFR gene, which is easily measured, or due to nutritional deficiencies of B vitamins. Homocysteine can be lowered with B-complex vitamins (23).
TMAO: This is a newly described marker of heart and kidney health that’s elevated after eating meat- and egg-heavy diets with an altered gut microbiome. It has been shown to cause heart and kidney damage, and is associated with worsened prognosis (25).
apoE: This is a genetic marker related to cholesterol metabolism that is measured from a blood sample. For the few that inherit a pattern called apo E 4/4, the risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease is high and may have an onset 15-20-years earlier than average (26).
Step 4: Calculate an Astro-CHARM Score.
A major advance in 2018 was the publication of the application called the Astro-CHARM score
(27). The online risk calculator is a collaboration of NASA and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and is the most advanced tool available. It permits entering the CACS, the hs-CRP, and more traditional measures (age, smoking status, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure) to predict the 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal MI and stroke.
Step 5: Review New Prevention Guidelines
The approach to avoiding a MI and CHD may seem complex as outlined here but the core activities of day-to-day self-maintenance are quite simple. The key recommendations to prevent heart issues have been organized in the 2019 Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease guideline from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) (28). An even simpler version of the guidelines is available and may be more appropriate to share with patients (29).
Step 6: Apply Strategies to Reverse Disease
Even though prevention is the ideal goal of health care, heart disease or otherwise, for the millions with CHD clinically evident or found by the testing protocol described, an attempt to halt and reverse the process is crucial. Although this may sound like a fantasy, for nearly 3 decades it has been known that just as arteries can worsen with time, they can also improve rapidly. Some of the measures to achieve this are presented here.
Statin Medications
There is concern for the long-term use of cholesterol-lowering statin medications and careful assessment of the medical literature is mandatory. A recent study analyzed a database of 13,644 asymptomatic patients studied for heart artery disease by a CACS and followed for over 9 years (30). The data was analyzed as to whether a statin was used or not during that time period. The findings indicated that when the CACS was over 100, being treated with a statin was associated with a lower risk of bad outcomes. For example, when the CACS was over 100, only 12 patients needed to receive a statin to prevent one event like a heart attack, stroke, or death. Of course, an intensive program of lifestyle measures should proceed the decision to use a statin in most patients.
Nutrition
Atherosclerotic CHD was shown to be reversible using a whole food plant diet and lifestyle measures in 1990 (31). Patients were taught to eat a plant-based diet without added fats and were also asked to walk, manage stress with meditation, and gather as a group for social support. It was demonstrated that the patients who adhered to his “lifestyle program” felt better and showed reductions in the amount of narrowing in their arteries. Since those first reports, the data that heart disease can be reversed by intensive lifestyle changes emphasizing a plant-based diet low in added fats has become so robust that the Ornish Lifestyle program was recognized by Medicare in 2010 for reimbursement as a therapy of CAD. Another similar program, based out of the Pritikin Longevity Center in Miami, Florida, received the same Medicare designation for intensive therapy and reversal of heart disease with plant-based dietary therapy.
Aged Garlic
The ability of garlic to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood clotting has been recognized for some time. There have actually been a surprising number of studies testing the ability of aged garlic extract to halt CHD progression. For example, in a study published in early 2016 that used baseline and follow-up CT angiograms of heart arteries, aged garlic extract reduced areas of plaque in heart arteries at the one-year follow-up (32). In addition to the sulfur content of garlic, onions also provide a source of sulfur in the diet that may be crucial for maintaining optimal amounts of antioxidants.
Pomegranate
Pomegranate juice and seeds both have powerful antioxidant properties that may improve the function of HDL cholesterol. In studies of mice, pomegranates can reduce atherosclerosis although translating animal research to human health can be misleading. In humans with increased stress at risk for CAD, pomegranates can reduce evidence of arterial damage. In a study using pomegranate juice for three years, the degree of narrowing in carotid arteries of five study subjects was reduced (33).
Chelation
Over 60 years ago some data surfaced that chelation therapy using disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) could reverse heart artery disease. It took many decades but the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was published in 2013 and demonstrated an improvement in outcomes in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients following IV EDTA versus placebo (34). The TACT showed a particularly large reduction in CVD events and all-cause mortality in the subgroup of patients with diabetes. A second phase, TACT2, is limited to patients with heart disease and diabetic mellitus type 2, is ongoing and has enrolled hundreds of patients.
There is an interesting oral agent containing EDTA and additional agents that has data for lowering the calcification of coronary arteries in peer-reviewed data (35). Other components of the novel combination may attack the mechanism of calcification and lead to the reversal of plaque.
Nutraceuticals
In a recently published randomized study from China, 76 patients with carotid atherosclerosis were treated with either nattokinase (NK) 6,000 FU or simvastatin 20 mg (36). In both groups, cholesterol fell, and in the NK group HDL rose, but reversal of atherosclerosis over 26 weeks was profound with NK, and plaque volume fell by 37%.
In another study from China in 2009, 60 patients with carotid plaque were divided aspirin and atorvastatin (37). Half also got lumbrokinase, 2 capsules three times a day for 6 months. Lumbrokinase is an enzyme extracted from earthworms. Measurements of CIMT were lower in the group treated with lumbrokinase as were measures of cholesterol fractions and platelet aggregation. The use of lumbrokinase was safe in this small study.
Bergamot was studied in patients with atherosclerosis over 6 months without randomization (38). Lipid fractions improved as anticipated during therapy with bergamot and there was a stunning decrease in the CIMT from 1.2 cm to 0.9 cm.
Vitamin E has 8 forms and 4 of them are classified as tocotrienols with properties far more favorable than the more common tocopherols. In a study of 50 patients with carotid disease, half were treated with a source of gamma-tocotrienol from palm oil (39). Over 18 months of therapy, regression of plaque was seen in 7 of the 25 patients treated with the vitamin E preparation while in the control group none regressed and 10 showed worsening.
A promising combination therapy has been reported to promote the reversal of carotid atherosclerosis (40). The study combined pycnogenol with centella asiatica and followed 391 patients with ultrasound measurements of plaque for over 4 years in a randomized trial. The progression of plaque over time was least in the patients treated with the combination nutraceutical and there was a reduction in the number of angina episodes and myocardial infarctions in the treated cohort.
Conclusions
Further advances in the detection, prevention and reversal of atherosclerosis are needed. Prevention of heart disease as outlined by the recent ACC/AHA guideline must be the focus of medical education and patient care. Once the disease is present, natural therapies can give hope to patients with even advanced disease, nutrition, and nutraceutical therapies can improve their quality and quantity of life. There is no reason that the vision of Paul Dudley White, MD cannot be achieved and make CHD an option and not an inevitable outcome for so many men.
