Investigators at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital turned up the heat on "disorderly" proteins and confirmed that most of these unruly molecules perform critical functions in the cell. The St. Jude team completed the first large-scale collection, investigation and classification of these so-called intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs), a large group of molecules that play vital roles in the daily activities of cells.
The new technique for collecting and identifying IUPs is important because although scientists have been aware of the existence of flexible proteins for many years, they have only recently realized that these molecules play major biological roles in the cell, according to Richard Kriwacki, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Structural Biology. Moreover, he said, previous work by other researchers suggested that a large proportion of IUPs in mammalian cells play key roles in transmitting signals and coordinating biochemical and genetic activities that keep the cell alive and functioning. Kriwacki is senior author of a report on this work that appears in the prepublication online issue of Journal of Proteome Research.
"Until now there was no way to separate IUPs in large numbers from the more structured proteins and confirm their roles in the cell," Kriwacki said. "Our new technique selectively concentrates the IUPs that are involved in regulating functions in the cell and transmitting signals within them."
Unlike the classic description of proteins described in science textbooks, IUPs are not completely locked into rigid, 3-D shapes that determine their function in the cell. Instead, IUPs have varying amounts of flexibility within their sometimes spaghetti-like structures that is critical for function. For example, one protein named p27 initially looks like a SlinkyTM toy. However, when p27 goes to work, it puts a vise-like grip on an enzyme that otherwise would promote uncontrolled cell division.
The St. Jude team developed a technique that uses heat to isolate IUPs in large, purified quantities from extracts of a standard type of cultured mouse cells called NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The IUPs were resistant to the heat, unlike more structured proteins, which fell apart. Based on these studies, the investigators were able to classify all proteins into one of three categories: IUPs; intrinsically folded proteins (IFPs, i.e., fully folded into specific shapes); or mixed ordered or disordered proteins (MPs), which have both structured and unstructured parts.
"This work further illustrates that the disorderliness of IUPs isn’t just a curiosity," said Charles Galea, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in Kriwacki’s lab. "This characteristic is a fundamental part of how these proteins work. So determining their exact nature, including the parts that are disordered, is an important part of understanding how they work. This is especially important in the case of IUPs linked to cancer and other diseases." The paper’s first author, Galea, did much of the work on this project.
The study relied on the use of state-of-the-art facilities for proteomics (large-scale study of protein structure and function) and bioinformatics (the use of computers and mathematics to study large amounts of data) in the St. Jude Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, headed by Clive Slaughter, Ph.D., and John Obenauer, Ph.D., respectively.
Other authors of this study include Vishwajeeth Pagala and Cheon-Gil Park, also of St. Jude. This work was supported in part by ALSAC, the National Cancer Institute and a Cancer Center (CORE) Support Grant.
